188体育

Main messages

Infectious diseases

Immunisation

Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule. See Immunisation collection with complete schedules.

Tuberculosis (TB)

The incidence of TB in South Africa is high (40 to 499 cases/100,000) and there is also a high burden of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) TB, so:

• screen all new entrants (including children) from (country) for TB according to
• refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
• seek advice, if you are a local TB service, from the before treating patients from South Africa for TB
• maintain long term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
• be aware that TB is a notifiable disease

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV

There is a high rate of HIV in South Africa (>1%), so:

• offer and recommend an HIV test to all adults according to
• consider offering an HIV test to infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK according to

Although recent global data on STIs are not available, countries with high HIV rates tend to have higher rates of STIs, and the range of STIs encountered in South Africa may vary from those in the UK, so offer to sexually active individuals:

• a full sexual health screen
• safer sex health promotion advice by referral to local genito-urinary medicine services

Hepatitis B

South Africa has an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:

• consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
• offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
• immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
• be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B聽and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups

Hepatitis C

South Africa has a higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so if other risk factors apply.

Travel plans and advice

Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see , or the Health Protection Scotland websites ( and , for travel advice.

Malaria

There is a risk of malaria in South Africa, mainly due to P. falciparum, so:

• who has travelled to-and-from in the last year
• remember that malaria can be rapidly fatal

Typhoid

There is a risk of typhoid infection in South Africa, so:

• ensure that travellers to South Africa are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
• remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Somalia

Helminths

There is a risk of helminth infections in South Africa, including:

• schistosomiasis
• soil transmitted helminthiasis

Women鈥檚 health

Reproductive health indicators

Reproductive health indicator	UK	South Africa
Number of children per woman鹿	2	3
Use of contraception虏	82%	60.3%
Breast examination or mammography鲁	75%	6%
Cervical cancer screening鈦�	70%	17%

鹿lifetime average; 虏by woman of reproductive age or partner; 鲁women aged 50 to 69 years; 鈦� women aged 20 to 69 years

Find out more about women鈥檚 health.

Nutritional and metabolic concerns

Anaemia

There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%) and pre-school children (estimated prevalence is 20 to 40%), so:

• be alert to the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
• test as clinically indicated

Vitamin D

Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:

• covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
• skin colour
• diet (vegan or vegetarian)

Vitamin A

There is a high risk of vitamin A deficiency in South Africa.

Country profile

Health indicators and health care

has a summary of health indicators and health care in South Africa.

Culture, politics and history

and have background information on the culture, politics and history of South Africa.

Languages*

Language	Population (%)鹿
滨蝉颈窜耻濒耻虏	22.7
滨蝉颈齿丑辞蝉补虏	16
础蹿谤颈办补补苍蝉虏	13.5
贰苍驳濒颈蝉丑虏	9.6
厂别辫别诲颈虏	9.1
厂别迟蝉飞补苍补虏	8
厂别蝉辞迟丑辞虏	7.6
齿颈迟蝉辞苍驳补虏	4.5
蝉颈厂飞补迟颈虏	2.5
罢蝉丑颈惫别苍诲补虏	2.4
颈蝉颈狈诲别产别濒别虏	2.1
Other	1.6
Sign language	0.5

鹿2011 est. 虏official

*Source:

Find out about language interpretation.

Religions*

Religion	Population (%)鹿
笔谤辞迟别蝉迟补苍迟虏	36.6
Other Christian	36
None	15.1
Catholic	7.1
Other	2.3
Muslim	1.5
Unspecified	1.4

鹿2001 census; 虏includes: Zionist Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal / Charismatic 8.2%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%

*Source:

Migration to the UK

At the time of the 2011 census, there were over 191,000 people from South Africa living in England and Wales.

Source: