188体育

Main messages

Infectious diseases

Immunisation

Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule.

Tuberculosis (TB)

There is a low incidence of TB in Poland (less than 40 cases per 100,000), so:

• routine screening is not required
• consider testing patients (including children) who show signs and symptoms
• be aware that TB is a notifiable disease

Sexually transmitted infections and HIV

Take a sexual history, and:

• screen for STIs and HIV according to risk as specified in the UK national standards and guidelines
• test all sexually active patients under the age of 25 for chlamydia

Poland has a low rate of HIV (鈮�1%), so:

• offer and recommend an HIV test if the patient:
  • falls into a high risk group
  • is newly registering in a high prevalence area
• be advised that national guidelines do not recommend routine consideration of HIV testing of infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK

Hepatitis B

Poland has a low prevalence of hepatitis B, so:

• consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
• offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
• immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
• be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups

Hepatitis C

Poland has a higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so .

Travel plans and advice

Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see , or the Health Protection Scotland websites ( and ), for travel advice.

Typhoid

There is a risk of typhoid infection in Poland, so:

• ensure that travellers to Poland are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fevers
• remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Poland

Women鈥檚 health

Reproductive health indicators

Reproductive health indicator	UK	Poland
Children per woman鹿	2	1

鹿lifetime average

No data are available on:

• contraceptive use
• mammography screening rates
• cervical cancer screening rates

Find out more about women鈥檚 health.

Nutritional and metabolic concerns

Anaemia

There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%), and in pre-school children (estimated prevalence is 20 to 40%), in Poland, so:

• be alert to this possibility in recently arrived migrants, particularly for women and pre-school children
• test as clinically indicated

Vitamin D

Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:

• covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
• skin colour
• diet (vegan or vegetarian)

Vitamin A

There may be a risk of vitamin A deficiency in Poland.

Iodine

People from Poland may be at risk of mild iodine deficiency due to inadequate intake.

Country profile

Health indicators and health care

has a summary of key health indicators and health care in Poland.

Culture, politics and history

and provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Poland.

Languages

Language	Population (%)
笔辞濒颈蝉丑鹿	96.2
Polish and non-Polish	2
Unspecified	1.3
Non-Polish	0.5

鹿辞蹿蹿颈肠颈补濒

Source: .

Find out about language interpretation.

Religions

Religion	Population (%)鹿
颁补迟丑辞濒颈肠虏	87.2
Unspecified	10.8
翱谤迟丑辞诲辞虫鲁	1.3
笔谤辞迟别蝉迟补苍迟鈦�	0.4
翱迟丑别谤鈦�	0.4

鹿2012 est.
虏includes: Roman Catholic 86.9%; Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine-Slavic Catholic 0.3%
鲁almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox
鈦磎ainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentacostal
鈦礽ncludes: Jehovah鈥檚 Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, and Mormon

Source: .

Migration to the UK

There were over 579,000 people from Poland living in England and Wales at the time of the 2011 Census.

Source: 漏 Crown Copyright 2014.