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Overview

If you would like to use copyright material, you usually need to get permission from the rights holder to do so. Sometimes this can be obtained directly from the rights holder, but more often it is granted in the form of a licence from a licensing body. A licensing body is a broad term used to describe any organisation which administers the rights of many copyright owners, offers licences for the use of copyright work, and distributes licence fees to those who own rights in creative work.

What is a collective management organisation

A Collective Management Organisation (CMO) is a type of licensing body which grants rights on behalf of multiple rights holders in a single (鈥榖lanket鈥�) licence. Generally speaking, rights holders will join a聽CMO聽as members and instruct it to license rights on their behalf. The聽CMO聽charges a fee for the licence, from which it deducts an administrative charge before distributing the remainder as royalties. They are typically not for profit organisations and are owned and controlled by their members, the rights holders.

What is an Independent Management Entity?

An Independent Management Entity (IME) is a type of licensing body which grants rights on behalf of more than one right holder, for the collective benefit of those right holders, as its sole or main purpose and which is (i) neither owned nor controlled, directly or indirectly, wholly or in part, by right holders and (ii) organised on a for profit basis. IMEs are active in the music and audiovisual sectors alongside CMOs.

How are collective management organisations and independent management entities regulated

Aspects of the conduct and governance of UK CMOs and IMEs are regulated by the聽 The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) is responsible for monitoring compliance with the Regulations and publishes an annual review. For more information, see how the IPO regulates licensing bodies.

Getting a licence

You can apply for a licence to get permission to use copyright protected works. Copyright works can come in different forms, for example books, newspapers, pictures, or music. The CMOs, IMEs and other licensing bodies by sector (see Endnote) are listed below:

1. Literary works

*Authors Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS)
distributes the licensing royalties to members received from the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA), Educational Recording Agency (ERA), and the Audiovisual Licensing Alliance (AVLA)

**Christian Copyright Licensing International (CCLI)
licenses the reproduction and copying of lyrics and printed music for copyrighted worship songs and hymns and acts as church agents for Christian Video Licensing International (CVLI), Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL), PRS for Music, and the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA)

*Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA)
聽licenses on behalf of Publishers鈥� Licensing Services (PLS), the Authors鈥� Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS), the Design and Artists Collecting Society (DACS) and the Picture Industry Collecting Society for Effective Licensing (PICSEL)

***Printed Music Licensing Ltd (PMLL)
licences the reproduction of printed music

*Publishers鈥� Licensing Services (PLS)
collects and distributes licensing royalties to publishers received from the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA) and NLA Media Access (NLA)

2. Artistic works and images

*Artists Collecting Society (ACS)
licenses visual artists鈥� works and collects and distributes Artist鈥檚 Resale Right royalties for its members

*Design and Artists鈥� Copyright Society (DACS)
collects and distributes copyright and Artist鈥檚 Resale Right royalties for visual artists and distributes licensing royalties received from the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA), the Educational Recording Agency (ERA), and the Audiovisual Licensing Alliance (AVLA)

*Picture Industry Collecting Society for Effective Licensing (PICSEL)
licenses visual artists鈥� works and distributes licensing royalties received from the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA), Educational Recording Agency (ERA) and Publishers鈥� Licensing Services (PLS)

3. Audiovisual works

*Audiovisual Licensing Alliance (AVLA)
licenses the public showing of television programmes and films

*British Equity Collecting Society (BECS)
collects and distributes licensing royalties for performers鈥� audiovisual rights

*Directors UK
聽collects and distributes licensing royalties for screen directors

**Filmbank
licenses the public showing of films

**Motion Picture Licensing Company (MPLC)
licenses the public showing of television programmes and films

4. Music

*Eos (The Broadcasting Rights Agency)
collects and distributes broadcasting royalties to its members in the music industry in Wales

***Independent Music Publishers鈥� E-Licensing (IMPEL)
licenses mechanical rights in music

***The Mechanical Copyright Protection Society (MCPS)
collects and distributes mechanical (or reproduction) royalties on behalf of its members. PRS for Music deliver rights management and administrative services to MCPS

*Music and Entertainment Rights Licensing Independent Network (MERLIN)
聽licenses industry recorded music rights聽聽

*Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL)
licenses the rights of record producers and performers, including through PPL PRS Ltd聽

*PPL PRS聽Ltd (TheMusicLicence)
Ltd licenses on behalf of PRS for Music and Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL) when music is played in public

*PRS for Music
licenses the rights of songwriters, composers, and music publishers, including through PPL PRS Ltd聽

*RadioPro Ltd
distributes royalty income received for their members鈥� music

**Soundreef Ltd
licenses on behalf of songwriters and music publishers

5. Print and digital materials

*NLA聽Media Access
licences the reproduction of published newspaper, magazine or news website articles, either in print or online

6. Recording of television programmes by educational institutions

*Educational Recording Agency (ERA)
licenses television and radio broadcasts for use in schools, and the Further and Higher Education sectors

7. Endnote

*Collective Management Organisation (CMO)

** Independent Management Entity (IME)

*** Other Licensing Body

Copyright Tribunal

If you are unhappy about the price or terms and conditions of a licence, you may be able to take the matter to the聽Copyright Tribunal, which adjudicates on the reasonableness of the price of a licence and its terms and conditions.