188体育

Main messages

Infectious diseases

Immunisation

Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule. See Immunisation collection with complete schedules.

Tuberculosis

There is a high incidence of TB in Kazakhstan (40 to 499 cases per 100,000), so:

• screen all new entrants (including children) for TB according to
• refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
• maintain long term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
• be aware that TB is a notifiable disease

Sexually transmitted infections and HIV

Take a sexual history, and:

• screen for STIs and HIV according to risk as specified in the UK national standards and guidelines
• test all sexually active patients under the age of 25 for chlamydia

Kazakhstan has a low rate of HIV (鈮�1%), so:

• offer and recommend an HIV test if the patient:
  • falls into a high risk group
  • is newly registering in a high prevalence area
• be advised that national guidelines do not recommend routine consideration of HIV testing of infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK

Hepatitis B

Kazakhstan has an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:

• consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
• offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
• immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
• be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups

Hepatitis C

Kazakhstan has a considerably higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so .

Travel plans and advice

Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see , or the Health Protection Scotland websites ( and ), for travel advice.

Typhoid

There is a risk of typhoid infection in Kazakhstan, so:

• ensure that travellers to Kazakhstan are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
• remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Kazakhstan

Women鈥檚 health

Reproductive health indicators

Reproductive health indicator	UK	Kazakhstan
Number of children per woman鹿	2	2
Breast examination or mammography虏	75%	35%
Cervical cancer screening虏	70%	79%

鹿lifetime average; 虏women aged 50 to 69 years; 鲁women aged 20 to 69 years

No data are available on:

• contraceptive use

Find out more about women鈥檚 health.

Nutritional and metabolic concerns

Anaemia

There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%) and a high risk in pre-school children (estimated prevalence is >40%), so:

• be alert to the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
• test as clinically indicated

Vitamin D

Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:

• covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
• skin colour
• diet (vegan or vegetarian)

Vitamin A

There is a high risk of vitamin A deficiency in Kazakhstan.

Iodine

People from Kazakhstan may be at risk of mild iodine deficiency due to inadequate intake.

Country profile

Health indicators and health care

has a summary of health indicators and health care in Kazakhstan.

Culture, politics and history

and provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Kazakhstan.

Languages

Language	Population (%)
碍补锄补办丑鹿	64.4
搁耻蝉蝉颈补苍虏	95

鹿Qazaq, state language; 虏official, used in everyday business, designated the 鈥渓anguage of interethnic communication鈥�

Source:

Find out about language interpretation.

Religions

Religion	Population (%)
Muslim	70.2
Christian	26.2
Other	0.2
Atheist	2.8
Unspecified	0.5

Source: .

Migration to the UK

There were almost 5,000 people from Kazakhstan living in England and Wales at the time of the 2011 Census.

Source: .