188体育

Main messages

Infectious diseases

Immunisation

Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule. See Immunisation collection with complete schedules.

Tuberculosis

The incidence of TB in Ethiopia is very high (>500 cases/100,000), and there is also a high burden of MDR-TB, so:

• screen all new entrants, including children, for TB according to
• refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
• seek advice, if you are a local TB service, from the before treating patients from Ethiopia for TB
• maintain long term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
• be aware that TB is a notifiable disease

Sexually transmitted infections and HIV

Take a sexual history, and:

• screen for STIs and HIV according to risk as specified in the UK national standards and guidelines
• test all sexually active patients under the age of 25 for chlamydia

Ethiopia has a low rate of HIV(<1%), so offer and recommend an HIV test if the patient:

• falls into a high risk group
• is newly registering in a high prevalence area

Be advised that national guidelines do not recommend routine consideration of HIV testing of infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK.

Hepatitis B

Ethiopia has an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:

• consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
• offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
• immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
• be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B聽and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups

Hepatitis C

Ethiopia has a higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so if other risk factors apply.

Travel plans and advice

Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see , or the Health Protection Scotland websites ( and ), for travel advice.

Malaria

There is a high risk of malaria in some areas of Ethiopia, due to P. falciparum and P. vivax, so:

• who has travelled to-and-from in the last year
• remember that malaria can be rapidly fatal

Typhoid

There is a risk of typhoid infection in Ethiopia, so:

• ensure that travellers to Ethiopia are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
• remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Ethiopia

Helminths

There is a risk of helminth infections in Ethiopia, including:

• schistosomiasis
• lymphatic filariasis
• soil transmitted helminthiasis

Women鈥檚 health

Reproductive health indicators

Reproductive health indicator	UK	Ethiopia
Number of children per woman鹿	2	5
Use of contraception虏	82%	14.7%
Breast examination or mammography鲁	75%	1%
Cervical cancer screening鈦�	70%	1%

鹿lifetime average; 虏by woman of reproductive age or partner; 鲁women aged 50 to 69 years; 鈦磜omen aged 20 to 69 years

Find out more about women鈥檚 health.

Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been estimated to affect more than 60% of women and girls in Ethiopia, so be advised that:

• children born in the UK may be at risk of FGM during visits to friends and relatives in Ethiopia
• it is illegal to take girls who are British nationals or permanent residents of the UK abroad for FGM, whether or not it is lawful in Ethiopia

Nutritional and metabolic concerns

Anaemia

There is a low risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence is 5 to 20%) and a high risk in pre-school children (estimated prevalence is >40%), so:

• be alert to this possibility in recently arrived migrants, particularly for women and pre-school children
• test as clinically indicated

Vitamin D

Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:

• covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
• skin colour
• diet (vegan or vegetarian)

Country profile

Health indicators and health care

has a summary of health indicators and health care in Ethiopia.

Culture, politics and history

and provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Ethiopia.

Languages

Language	Population (%)
翱谤辞尘辞鹿	33.8
Amharic (official national language)	29.3
厂辞尘补濒颈虏	6.2
Tigrigna (Tigrinya)鲁	5.9
Sidamo	4
Wolaytta	2.2
Gurage	2
础蹿补谤鈦�	1.7
Hadiyya	1.7
Gamo	1.5
Gedeo	1.3
Opuuo	1.2
Kafa	1.1
Other	8.1

Arabic and English (major foreign language taught in schools) are also spoken but no percentages are available for these languages.

鹿official working language in the State of Oromiya; 虏official working language of the State of Sumale; 鲁official working language of the State of Tigra; 鈦� official working language of the State of Afar

Source: .

Find out about language interpretation.

Religions

Religion	Population (%)
Ethiopian Orthodox	43.5
Muslim	33.9
Protestant	18.5
Traditional	2.7
Catholic	0.7
Other	0.6

Source: .

Migration to the UK

There were almost 15,000 people from Ethiopia living in England and Wales at the time of the 2011 Census.

Source: .