Guidance
References
Updated 19 March 2025
- Liu FH, Z-D, Zhao X-M, Zhao W-N, Feng Z-X, Yurko, A, Alwasel S, Boekhout T, Bensch K, Hui F-L, Bai F-Y, Wang Q-M. ‘Phylogenomic analysis of the Candida auris-Candida haemuli clade and related taxa in the Metschnikowiaceae, and proposal of 13 new genera, 55 new combinations and 9 new species� Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2024: volume 52, pages 22 to 43
- Jones CR, Neill C, Borman AM, Budd EL, Cummins M, Fry C and others. ‘The laboratory investigation, management, and infection prevention and control of Candida auris: a narrative review to inform the 2024 national guidance update in England� Journal of Medical Microbiology 2024: volume 73, issue 5
- Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. ‘Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital� Microbiology and Immunology 2009: volume 53, issue 1, pages 41 to 44
- Fisher MC, Denning DW. ‘The WHO fungal priority pathogens list as a game-changer� Nature Reviews Microbiology 2023: volume 21, issue 4, pages 211 to 212
- Dang T, Bassett J, Souri A, Nutt A, Honza H, Retana D and others. ‘Transmission of pan-resistant and echinocandin-resistant Candida auris between healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic� American Journal of Infection Control 2022: volume 50, 7 supplement, S2 to S3
- Biswal M, Rudramurthy SM, Jain N, Shamanth AS, Sharma D, Jain K and others. ‘Controlling a possible outbreak of Candida auris infection: lessons learnt from multiple interventions� Journal of Hospital Infections 2017: volume 97, issue 4, pages 363 to 370
- Sansom SE, Gussin GM, Schoeny M, Singh RD, Adil H, Bell P and others. ‘Rapid environmental contamination With Candida auris and multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens near colonized patients� Clinical Infectious Diseases 2024: volume 78, issue 5, pages 1,276 to 1,284
- Bergeron G, Bloch D, Murray K, Kratz M, Parton H, Ackelsberg J and others. ‘Candida auris colonization after discharge to a community setting: New York City 2017 to 2019� Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021: volume 8, issue 1, page ofaa620
- Rossow J, Ostrowsky B, Adams E, Greenko J, McDonald R, Vallabhaneni S and others. ‘Factors associated with Candida auris colonization and transmission in skilled nursing facilities with ventilator units, New York 2016 to 2018� Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021: 72, issue 11, pages e753 to e60
- Hu S, Zhu F, Jiang W, Wang Y, Quan Y, Zhang G and others. ‘Retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics of Candida auris infection worldwide from 2009 to 2020� Frontiers in Microbiology 2021: volume 12, page 658,329
- Alvarez-Moreno CA, Morales-López S, Rodriguez GJ, Rodriguez JY, Robert E, Picot C and others. ‘The mortality attributable to Candidemia in C. auris Is higher than that in other candida species: myth or reality?� Journal of Fungi (Basel) 2023: volume 9, issue 4
- Forgács L, Borman AM, Prépost E, Tóth Z, Kardos G, Kovács R and others. ‘Comparison of in vivo pathogenicity of 4 Candida auris clades in a neutropenic bloodstream infection murine model� Emerging Microbes and Infections 2020: volume 9, issue 1, pages 1,160 to 1,169
- Borman AM, Johnson EM. ‘Candida auris in the UK: Introduction, dissemination and control� PLoS Pathogens 2020: volume 16, issue 7, article e1008563
- Eyre DW, Sheppard AE, Madder H, Moir I, Moroney R, Quan TP and others. ‘A Candida auris outbreak and its control in an intensive care setting� New England Journal of Medicine 2018: volume 379, issue 14, pages 1,322 to 1,331
- Schelenz S, Hagen F, Rhodes JL, Abdolrasouli A, Chowdhary A, Hall A and others. ‘First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital� Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2016: volume 5, issue 35
- Taori SK, Khonyongwa K, Hayden I, Athukorala GDA, Letters A, Fife A and others. ‘Candida auris outbreak: mortality, interventions and cost of sustaining control� Journal of Infection 2019: volume 79, issue 6, pages 601 to 611
- Taori SK, Rhodes J, Khonyongwa K, Szendroi A, Smith M, Borman AM and others. ‘First experience of implementing Candida auris real-time PCR for surveillance in the UK: detection of multiple introductions with two international clades and improved patient outcomes� Journal of Hosp Infections 2022: volume 127, pages 111 to 120
- Borman AM, Fraser M, Johnson EM. ‘CHROMagar� Candida Plus: a novel chromogenic agar that permits the rapid identification of Candida auris� Medical Mycology 2021: volume 59, issue 3, pages 253 to 258
- de Jong AW, Dieleman C, Carbia M, Mohd Tap R, Hagen F. ‘Performance of 2 novel chromogenic media for the identification of multidrug-resistant Candida auris compared with other commercially available formulations� Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021: volume 59, issue 4
- Abdolrasouli A, Fraser MA. ‘Candida auris identification and profiling by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry� Methods in Molecular Biology 2022: volume 2,517, pages 21 to 32
- Leach L, Zhu Y, Chaturvedi S. ‘Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of Candida auris from surveillance samples� Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2018: volume 56, issue 2
- Lyman M, Forsberg K, Sexton DJ, Chow NA, Lockhart SR, Jackson BR and others. ‘Worsening spread of Candida auris in the United States, 2019 to 2021� Annals of Internal Medicie 2023: volume 176, issue 4, pages 489 to 495
- Jacobs SE, Jacobs JL, Dennis EK, Taimur S, Rana M, Patel D and others. ‘Candida auris pan-drug-resistant to 4 classes of antifungal agents� Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2022: volume 66,. issue 7, article e0005322
- Brooks RB, Walters M, Forsberg K, Vaeth E, Woodworth K, Vallabhaneni S. ‘Candida auris in a US patient with carbapenemase-producing organisms and recent hospitalization in Kenya� Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2019: volume 68, issue 30, pages 664 to 666
- Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, Garbino J, Kullberg BJ, Lortholary O and others. ‘Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM� Lancet Infectious Diseases (published online 13 February 2025 ahead of print) (accessed on 1 March 2025)
- Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L and others. ‘Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America� Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016: volume 62, issue 4, pages e1 to e50
- Lionakis MS, Chowdhary A. ‘Candida auris infections� New England Journal of Medicine 2024: volume 391, issue 20, pages 1,924 to 1,935
- Simon SP, Li R, Silver M, Andrade J, Tharian B, Fu L and others. ‘Comparative outcomes of Candida auris bloodstream infections: a multicenter retrospective case-control study� Clinical Infectious Diseases 2023: volume 76, issue 3, pages e1436 to e1443
- Wake RM, Allebone-Salt PE, John LLH, Caswall BA, Govender NP, Ben-Ami R and others. ‘Optimizing the treatment of invasive Candidiasis-A case for combination therapy� Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2024: volume 11, issue 6, article ofae072
- Balla N, Kovacs F, Balazs B, Borman AM, Bozo A, Jakab A and others. ‘Synergistic interaction of caspofungin combined with posaconazole against FKS wild-type and mutant Candida auris planktonic cells and biofilms� Antibiotics 2022: volume 11, issue 11 (no pagination)
- Fakhim H, Chowdhary A, Prakash A, Vaezi A, Dannaoui E, Meis JF and others. ‘In vitro interactions of echinocandins with triazoles against multidrug-resistant Candida auris� Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2017: volume 61, issue 11
- Jaggavarapu S, Burd EM, Weiss DS. ‘Micafungin and amphotericin B synergy against Candida auris� The Lancet Microbe 2020: volume 1, issue 8, pages e314 to e315
- John LLH, Thomson DD, Bicanic T, Hoenigl M, Brown AJP, Harrison TS and others. ‘Heightened efficacy of Anidulafungin when used in combination with Manogepix or 5-Flucytosine against Candida auris in vitro� Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2023: artcle e0164522
- Lepak AJ, Zhao M, Berkow EL, Lockhart SR, Andes DR. ‘Pharmacodynamic optimization for treatment of invasive Candida auris infection� Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2017: volume 61, issue 8
- O’Brien B, Liang J, Chaturvedi S, Jacobs JL, Chaturvedi V. ‘Pan-resistant Candida auris: New York subcluster susceptible to antifungal combinations� Lancet Microbe 2020: volume 1, issue 5, pages e193 to e194
- Felton T, Troke PF, Hope WW. ‘Tissue penetration of antifungal agents� Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2014: volume 27, issue 1, pages 68 to 88
- Ham YY, Lewis JS, Thompson GR. ‘Rezafungin: A novel antifungal for the treatment of invasive candidiasis� Future Microbiology 2021: volume 16, issue 1, pages 27 to 36
- Pfaller MA, Huband MD, Rhomberg PR, Bien PA, Castanheira M. ‘Activities of Manogepix and comparators against 1,435 recent fungal isolates collected during an international surveillance program (2020)�  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2022: volume 66, issue 11, article e0102822
- Vazquez JA, Pappas PG, Boffard K, Paruk F, Bien PA, Tawadrous M and others. ‘Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel antifungal, Fosmanogepix, in patients with candidemia caused by Candida auris: results from a phase 2 trial� Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2023: article e0141922
- Leroux S, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Elie V, Legrand F, Barin-Le Guellec C, Aurich B and others. ‘Pharmacokinetics and safety of fluconazole and micafungin in neonates with systemic candidiasis: a randomized, open-label clinical trial� British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2018: volume 84, issue 9, pages 1,989 to 1,999
- Hope WW, Mickiene D, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Kelaher AM, Hughes JE and others. ‘The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of micafungin in experimental hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis: implications for echinocandin therapy in neonates� Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008: volume 197, issue 1, pages 163 to 171
- Kenters N, Kiernan M, Chowdhary A, Denning DW, Pemán J, Saris K and others. ‘Control of Candida auris in healthcare institutions: outcome of an International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy expert meeting� International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2019: volume 54, issue 4, pages 400 to 406
- Abdolrasouli A, Armstrong-James D, Ryan L, Schelenz S. ‘In vitro efficacy of disinfectants utilised for skin decolonisation and environmental decontamination during a hospital outbreak with Candida auris� Mycoses 2017: volume 60, issue 11, pages 758 to 763
- Moore G, Schelenz S, Borman AM, Johnson EM, Brown CS. ‘Yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics against Candida auris� Journal of Hospital Infection 2017: volume 97, issue 4, pages 371 to 375
- Sherry L, Ramage G, Kean R, Borman A, Johnson EM, Richardson MD and others. ‘Biofilm-forming capability of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant Candida auris� Emerging Infectious Diseases 2017: volume 23, issue 2, pages 328 to 331
- Omardien S, Teska P. ‘Skin and hard surface disinfection against Candida auris: what we know today� Frontiers in Medicine 2024: volume 11, page 1,312,929
- Ghannoum M, Herrada J, McCormick TS, Long L. ‘A novel transdermal application for clearing skin colonization by Candida auris� Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2021: volume 65, issue 5, pages e02303 to e02320
- Wei L, Li Y, Li X, Bian L, Wen Z, Li M. ‘Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for the prophylaxis of central venous catheter-related complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis� BMC Infectious Diseases 2019: volume 19, issue 1, page 429
- Garcia-Bustos V, Salavert M, Ruiz-Gaitán AC, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Sigona-Giangreco IA, Pemán J. ‘A clinical predictive model of candidaemia by Candida auris in previously colonized critically ill patients� Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020: volume 26, issue 11, pages 1,507 to 1,513
- Shastri PS, Shankarnarayan SA, Oberoi J, Rudramurthy SM, Wattal C, Chakrabarti A. ‘Candida auris candidaemia in an intensive care unit: prospective observational study to evaluate epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome� Journal of Critical Care 2020: volume 57, pages 42 to 48
- Johnson MD, Lewis RE, Dodds Ashley ES, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Zaoutis T, Thompson GR and others. ‘Core recommendations for antifungal stewardship: a statement of the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium� Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020: volume 222, suplement 3, pages S175 to s98
- Whitney L, Al-Ghusein H, Glass S, Koh M, Klammer M, Ball J and others. ‘Effectiveness of an antifungal stewardship programme at a London teaching hospital 2010 to 2016� Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2019: volume 74, issue 1, pages 234 to 241
- Micallef C, Ashiru-Oredope D, Hansraj S, Denning DW, Agrawal SG, Manuel RJ and others. ‘An investigation of antifungal stewardship programmes in England� Journal of Medical Microbiology 2017: volume 66, issue 11, pages 1,581 to 1,589
- Hart E, Nguyen M, Allen M, Clark CM, Jacobs DM. ‘A systematic review of the impact of antifungal stewardship interventions in the United States� Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2019: volume 18, issue 1, page 24
- Caceres DH, Forsberg K, Welsh RM, Sexton DJ, Lockhart SR, Jackson BR and others. ‘Candida auris: a review of recommendations for detection and control in healthcare settings� Journal of Fungi 2019: volume 5, issue 4
- Ahmad S, Alfouzan W. ‘Candida auris: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, antifungal susceptibility, and infection control measures to combat the spread of infections in healthcare facilities� Microorganisms 2021: volume 9, issue 4
- Chakrabarti A, Sood P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: host, pathogen and environmental tipping points� Journal of Medical Microbiology 2021: volume 70, issue 3
- Yadav A, Singh A, Wang Y, Haren MHV, Singh A, de Groot T and others. ‘Colonisation and transmission dynamics of Candida auris among chronic respiratory diseases patients hospitalised in a chest hospital, Delhi, India: a comparative analysis of whole genome sequencing and microsatellite typing� Journal of Fungi 2021: volume 7, issue 2
- Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, Houston H, Lyons A, Rose LJ and others. ‘Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface� Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2017: volume 55, issue 10, pages 2,996 to 3,005
- de Almeida JN, Jr., Francisco EC, Hagen F, Brandão IB, Pereira FM, Presta Dias PH and others, ‘Emergence of Candida auris in Brazil in a COVID-19 intensive care unit� Journal of Fungi 2021: volume 7, issue 3
- Decker BK, Clancy CJ. ‘Lanyards as source of a Candida auris outbreak: as you investigate the environment, do not overlook hand hygiene� Critical Care Medicine 2021: pages 714 to 716
- Nobrega de Almeida J, Jr., Brandão IB, Francisco EC, de Almeida SLR, de Oliveira Dias P, Pereira FM and others. ‘Axillary digital thermometers uplifted a multidrug-susceptible Candida auris outbreak among COVID-19 patients in Brazil� Mycoses 2021: volume 64, issue 9, pages 1,062 to 1,072
- Patterson CA, Patel A, Newsholme W, Tan M, Edgeworth JD, Wyncoll D and others. ‘Cloth lanyards as a source of intermittent transmission of Candida auris on an ICU� Critical Care Medicine 2021: pages 697 to 701
- CDC. ‘� (cited 11 August 2024)
- Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. ‘Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris� American Journal of Infection Control 2023: volume 51, issue 11s, pages a22 to a34